• a.
  • i. To improve the nutrition and health status of children in the age group birth to six years.
  • ii. To lay the foundation for proper psychological, physical, and social development of the child.
  • iii. To reduce the incidence of three childhood health issues, i.e., mortality, morbidity, malnutrition, and school dropout.
  • iv. To achieve effective coordination of policy and implementation among the various departments to promote child development.
  • v. To enhance the capability of the mother to look after the normal health and nutritional needs of the child through proper nutrition and health education.
• b. Six main services in the package offered under the ICDS National Project:
  1. Supplementary nutrition (to promote EBF for complete 6 months and timely initiation of complementary nutrition after completion of 6 months along with continued breastfeeding for first 2 completed years)
  2. Immunization
  3. Health check-up including growth and developmental monitoring
  4. Referral services
  5. Preschool nonformal education
  6. Nutrition and health education

• a. National Nutritional Anemia Prophylaxis Programme
• b. National Iron Plus Initiative (NIPI) Programme
• c.
  1. No change in incidence for five to six decades
  2. Adolescents were not included
  3. Poor monitoring and implementation, poor coverage of beneficiaries, and poor compliance in taking medicinal iron
• d. Expanded to include beneficiaries from all age groups—children aged 6–59 months, 5–10 years, adolescents aged 10–19 years, pregnant and lactating women, and women in reproductive age group.

Age of Cessation of Mother’s Own Milk Feeding	Increase in Relative Risk of Infant Mortality Rate
No colostrum from birth or discontinued before 2 months	5-fold
2–3 months	3-fold
4–5 months	2.5-fold
6–8 months	2-fold
Beyond 8–12 months	1.5-fold

The National Family Health Survey is conducted once in 5 years by Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. This is a compendium of factsheets that highlights the key indicators providing estimates on population, health, family planning, and nutrition-related key indicators like fertility, mortality, maternal, child and adult health, women and child nutrition, domestic violence, etc. These indicators throw light on important aspects of family wellbeing of the population of different States and Union Territories.

Indicator (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GOI)	NFHS-4 (2015–2016)	NFHS-5 (2019–2021)
Perinatal mortality rate / 1,000 pregnancies	36	32
Neonatal mortality rate (NNMR) / 1,000 live births	30	25
Infant mortality rate (IMR) / 1,000 live births	41	35
Under-5 mortality rate (U5MR) / 1,000 live births	50	42

• a. First week of August (August 1–7)
• b.
  • WBW theme 2022: “Step up for Breastfeeding: Educate and Support”
  • WBW theme 2023: “Let’s make breastfeeding and work, work!”
• c. To enable the neonates and infants to be fed exclusively with initiating within first hour after birth colostrum and mother’s own milk then on till completion of 6 months of age with continuation of mother’s own milk up to 2 years of age with introduction of safe and risk-free complementary food of different variety (cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables, and animal food) with increasing quantity, consistency, and frequency to promote optimum growth and development.
• d. 2023 year’s campaign focuses on promoting practices that can help support workplace-related breastfeeding in different countries. It will try to educate people and organizations that can help ensure that breastfeeding works for all women who work, whenever they work.
• e.
  1. Special leave for 6 months—1 year given by organizations both governmental and a few private institutions
  2. Expressing breastmilk before going to work to feed babies two to three times in their absence
  3. Setting up of special crèches
  4. Giving extra time during breaks to go and feed the child at home
  5. Child brought from home to be fed

Target Age Group	Frequency & Duration	Dose of Elemental Iron & Folic Acid
Infants (6–23 months) and Children (24–59 months)	Biweekly throughout the year	20 mg elemental iron with 100 µg folic acid
Children (5–10 years)	Weekly throughout the year	45 mg elemental iron with 400 µg folic acid
Children & Adolescents (10–19 years)	Weekly throughout the year	100 mg elemental iron with 500 µg folic acid
Pregnant women	Daily (started after first trimester)	100 mg elemental iron with 500 µg folic acid
Lactating women	Daily for 100 days postpartum	100 mg elemental iron with 500 µg folic acid

Anemia prevalence among under 5 years children percentage of increase over 4 years.

• a. Mid-day Meal scheme—National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education
• b. The two essential objectives of this Mid-day Meal school program are:
  1. To improve enrolment of children to school, to improve their attendance, and ensure continuation of their education in classes to complete their school education
  2. To improve the level of nutrition among children
• c.
  • i. Primary: Calories: 450 kcal; Proteins: 12 g
  • ii. Postprimary: Calories: 700 kcal; Proteins: 20 g

• a. L: Latch; A: Audible swallowing; T: Type of nipple; C: Comfort (breast, nipple, mother, and baby); and H: Hold (positioning)
• b. Must be undertaken from the first feed if possible or to be done within 24 hours and again at the time of discharge.
• c. Used for identification and correction of breastfeeding problems.
• d. Each component has a score of 0, 1, or 2 with a total maximum score of 5 × 2 = 10.
• e. LATCH score >6 at discharge is statistically predictive of successful EBF of babies with appropriate weight gain of >20 g per day. LATCH score >6 at discharge was significantly associated with higher EBF rate.

• a. Feeding of colostrum is very vital to prevent neonatal sepsis and its associated neonatal mortality as the greater protein content is mainly due to the concentration of protective antibodies that provide passive immune protection to the neonates, many WBCs and vitamin A which again add to the protective effect against infections, and growth factors which give barrier protection in the gut and other mucosal surfaces.
• b. The foremilk is relatively watery with less fat and provides the much-needed water. The latter part of milk toward the end of feeding (hindmilk) has increasing fat which stimulates the satiety center in the hypothalamus and thus the neonate/infant sleeps after feeding without drinking excess. Whereas if the baby is switched between breasts too quickly, the baby gets only the watery foremilk fraction without much fat and thus feels hungry more often.

• a. Slogan for the year 2007 is “Breastfeeding: The 1st Hour Saves 1 Million Babies”, highlighting the importance of initiating direct mother's milk feeding within an hour after birth.
• b. False, initiation of breastfeeding within an hour saves significantly more lives; initiation after 1 hour even if before 24 hours still carries elevated risk.
• c. Nearly same: 41.8%.

• a. By continuing to feed the child in his or her second year along with complementary food, the child gets from mother’s milk: 37% of energy, 55% of quality protein, 76% of Vitamin A, and 98% of Vitamin C.
• b. Light blue

• a. The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)
• b. Malaria, dengue, lymphatic filariasis, kala-azar, Japanese encephalitis, chikungunya, and scrub typhus in India.

• a. To improve the overall quality of life of children and provide comprehensive care to all children in the community.
• b. To detect early by screening of children from birth to 18 years of age for four Ds—Defects at birth, Diseases, Deficiencies, and Development delays, spanning 32 common health conditions for early detection and offer free treatment and management, including surgeries at tertiary level.
• c.
  • Ministry of Women and Child Development for screening children in the age group of 0–6 years enrolled at Anganwadi centers.
  • Ministry of Human Resource Development for screening children enrolled in Government and Government-aided schools.
  • Health facilities by doctors and during home visits by Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA).

• a. To improve and maximize the nutritional outcomes of children and adolescent girls mainly in a phased manner, by adopting a synergized and result-oriented approach.
• b. The District Magistrate (DM) is the nodal officer. The DM supervises and monitors the activities of the District Nutrition Committee.